Principal causes and the underlying mechanisms of drug-induced hypernatraemia


A. Water loss
1. Renal losses
(i) Acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
  Drug-induced hypokalaemia: diuretics, cisplatin, aminoglycosides,
  amphotericin B, penicillin derivatives
  Drug-induced hypercalcaemia: lithium, vitamin A or D excess
  Other drugs: lithium, demeclocycline, amphotericin B, foscarnet,
   colchicine, vinblastine, vasopressin V2-receptor antagonists
(ii) Central diabetes insipidus
  Lithium, phenytoin, ethanol

(iii) Other causes
  Loop diuretics
  Osmotic diuresis
  Mannitol administration
  Nutritional supplementation
  Urea
  Agents that cause increased production of urea: corticosteroids,
   high-protein supplements

2. Gastrointestinal losses
  Osmotic cathartic agents: lactulose, sorbitol

B. Hypertonic sodium gain
  Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate infusion
  Hypertonic sodium chloride infusion
  Hypertonic feeding preparation
  Sodium chloride-rich emetics
  Hypertonic saline enemas
  Intrauterine injection of hypertonic saline
  Hypertonic saline irrigation of intra-abdominal hydatid cysts
  Hypertonic dialysis
  N-acetylcysteine

 http://ckj.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/5/339/T1.expansion.html

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada Questions & Answers

Image
Overview Q1 What is the Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada? The Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada ( PEBC ) is the national certification body for the pharmacy profession in Canada. PEBC is a non-profit organization with more than 40 years of experience in assessing the qualifications and competence of candidates for licensing by pharmacy provincial regulatory authorities. Established by Special Act of Parliament on December 21,1963, PEBC functions as an arms-length national examining board for pharmacists seeking entry-to-practice licensure in Canada. Q2 What is the purpose of the PEBC?
Read more

Paints in pharmacy| glycerin borax preparation is the first

Image
(1) GLYCERIN BORAX PREPARATION 13% Borax 13gm Glycerin to 100ml Levigate the borax powder into a suitable amount of glycerin then complete to 100ml.  Glycerin of borax uses: Used as a soothing agent in mouth ulcers also used in nipple fissures. (2) GLYCERIN TANNIC ACID PAINT 15% Tannic acid 15gm Glycerin to 100 ml Astringent in spongy gum and sore throat and applied to eyelid in trachoma. 1g of Na-citrate can be added (3) Glycerin borax and Tr.benzoin SOLUTION Glycerin borax 20 ml Tr.benzoin 10 ml Used in nipple fissure (4) DENTAL GLYCERIN ( zinc chloride) ZnCL2 1gm Glycerin 1.6ml H2O 0.5ml Alcohol 1.5ml used for de-sensation for exposed dentin (5) GENTIAN VIOLET PAINT (Rosaniline dyes) Gentian violet 1 gm Alcohol 70% 100 ml Used as antiseptic and in moniliasis. 2g of G. V can be used with 100 ml of glycerin borax in breast fissures. (6) ALCOHOLIC MERCUROCHROME PAINT Mercurochrome 2gm Alcohol 70% to 100 ml (7) Mercurochrom...
Read more

Facts about SOVALDI Therapy

Image
SOVALDI  It is a nucleotide analog polymerase inhibitor, that use in patients with chronic hepatitis C, in combination with ribavirin or interferon plus ribavirin, and the cure rate in clinical trials reached 95%. Here is some facts about SOVALDI that pharmacist must know: Active constituent of SOVALDI is sofosbuvir 400 mg. SOVALDI is effective against the four genotypes of HIV infection, including patients with HCC that in waiting list for liver transplantation, and those carrying HIV-1/HCV co-infection. SOVALDI not recommended using alone for Chronic Hepatitis C patients. The dose of SOVALDI is 400 mg once daily, to be taken regardless of food. Genotype-1 HCV treated for 12 weeks with SOVALDI +Peginterferon alfa +ribavirin, and for 24 weeks if used without peginterferon alfa. Genotype-2 HCV treated for 12 weeks with SOVALDI +ribavirin. Genotype-3 HCV treated for 24 weeks with SOVALDI +ribavirin. Genotype-4 treated for 12 weeks with SOVALDI +Peginterferon a...
Read more