Online Pharmacy Training

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death globally, with elevated lipid levels being a significant risk factor. Traditionally, lipid-lowering therapies, such as statins, have been the cornerstone of managing dyslipidemia. However, not all patients achieve optimal lipid levels with these treatments, and some may experience side effects. In recent years, injectable lipid-lowering therapies have emerged as an effective alternative or adjunct to oral medications, offering new hope for patients struggling to control their cholesterol levels. This article explores the various types of injectable lipid-lowering therapies, their mechanisms of action, clinical benefits, and potential future developments. Types of Injectable Lipid-Lowering Therapies 1. PCSK9 Inhibitors Mechanism of Action Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors work by targeting PCSK9, a protein that degrades low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) on liver cells. By inhibiting PCSK9...

SOVALDI  It is a nucleotide analog polymerase inhibitor, that use in patients with chronic hepatitis C, in combination with ribavirin or interferon plus ribavirin, and the cure rate in clinical trials reached 95%. Here is some facts about SOVALDI that pharmacist must know: Active constituent of SOVALDI is sofosbuvir 400 mg. SOVALDI is effective against the four genotypes of HIV infection, including patients with HCC that in waiting list for liver transplantation, and those carrying HIV-1/HCV co-infection. SOVALDI not recommended using alone for Chronic Hepatitis C patients. The dose of SOVALDI is 400 mg once daily, to be taken regardless of food. Genotype-1 HCV treated for 12 weeks with SOVALDI +Peginterferon alfa +ribavirin, and for 24 weeks if used without peginterferon alfa. Genotype-2 HCV treated for 12 weeks with SOVALDI +ribavirin. Genotype-3 HCV treated for 24 weeks with SOVALDI +ribavirin. Genotype-4 treated for 12 weeks with SOVALDI +Peginterferon a...

Lyrica male-mediated teratogenicity Pregabalin is an anticonvulsant and neuropathic pain agent. Exactly how pregabalin works is not known. It is thought to bind to certain areas of the brain that help reduce seizures, nerve pain, and anxiety. Treating fibromyalgia or nerve pain caused by certain conditions (eg, shingles, diabetic nerve problems, spinal cord injury). It is also used in combination with other medicines to treat certain types of seizures. Men being treated with pregabalin should be informed of the potential risk of male-mediated teratogenicity. Animal studies have reported increased incidences of: specific skull alterations attributed to abnormally advanced ossification,  retarded ossification,  increased incidences of skeletal malformations,  decreased fetal body weights,  visceral variations.  When offspring were tested as adults, neurobehavioral abnormalities and reproductive impairment were observed.

How to answer Drug Information Request? Here are the seven steps you can use in a systematic approach to answering a Drug Information Request if you use these steps you will provide the most evidence answer. Step 1: Secure Demographics of Requestor Requestor demographics ( Name and profession, physician-pharmacist-nurse-patient).  Appropriate formulation and delivery method (DI Form & DI Answer Form.  Initial question (First question asked by the requestor).  Step 2: Obtain Background Information Question type (Patient-specific or academic).  Patient background information ( Age-Height-Weight-history-current problem-medication-allergies-laboratory information).  Step 3: Determine and Categorize the Ultimate Question Convert initial question + background information to the Ultimate Question.  Categorize the ultimate question ( Select the suitable question category from the question categories).  Develop a time...

Inhalational anesthetic induction Inhalational induction is common in pediatric patients, and the potent inhaled anesthetic agents are excellent bronchodilators. The only exception is desflurane, which has mild bronchoconstriction activity. The potent inhaled agents decrease skeletal muscle tone in a dose-dependent fashion, which often improves surgical exposure. Mode Of Action Acts on GABA-A, glycine, and glutamate receptors. Disadvantage Inhalational induction time is longer; therefore, this technique is not suitable for rapid sequence intubation (RSI).  Higher incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting.  All potent volatile anesthetic agents cause dose-dependent systemic vasodilation and may decrease blood pressure. All potent inhaled agents cause dose-dependent respiratory depression. Inhalational anesthetic drugs

Management of mechanical heart valves in pregnancy is still a clinical dilemma for women and clinician, because of pregnancy itself considers pro thrombotic state and the options available for management of this case still Subject to benefit risk choice.

What Is It? Yaws is an infectious disease that affects the skin and bones. It's a tropical illness that was once common in West Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Haiti, Dominica, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and parts of Brazil. In these countries, yaws most often affects children between the ages of 2 and 5, especially children who wear few clothes, have frequent skin injuries and live in areas of poor hygiene.

decrease Increase Normal range SI conventional Hyponatremia 1-( dilutional hyponatremia ) excess accumulation of body water due to: CHF, cirrhosis, severe burns, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome. 2-Sodium depletion Due to: SIADH, cystic fibrosis, mineralocorticoid deficiency, Na free fluid replacement SIADH= (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) SIADH may be associated with disease states such as cancer or  the use of medications including chlorpropamide, thiazide diuretics, and carbamazepine .   Hypernatremia 1-Increased sodium intake. 2-Increased fluid loss. hypernatremia usually occurs in individuals who are unable to obtain adequate fluid intake. Fluid loss from - gastroenteritis - diabetes insipidus, - Cushing disease, - hyperaldosteronism - administration of hypertonic saline sol...

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today announced it is requiring the removal of certain restrictions on prescribing and use of the diabetes drug Avandia (rosiglitazone) to reflect new information regarding the cardiovascular risk of the medicine. Today’s actions are consistent with the recommendations of expert advisory committees. Results from the Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiovascular Outcomes and Regulation of Glycemia in Diabetes (RECORD) clinical trial showed no elevated risk of heart attack or death in patients being treated with Avandia when compared to standard-of-care diabetes drugs. These data do not confirm the signal of increased risk of heart attacks that was found in a meta-analysis of clinical trials first reported in 2007. In addition to Avandia, rosiglitazone is available in combination with other diabetes medications, including metformin under the brand name Avandamet and glimepiride under the brand name Avandaryl.  http://www.fda.go...

Abnormal Normal Appearance and color The presence of   -WBCs - RBCs - bacteria - Phosphates - Urate Cloudiness Appearance and Color The normal urine color should range from clear to dark yellow. - myoglobin (from muscle breakdown from seizures, cocaine, or injuries)   hemoglobin, - medications - rifampin -phenazopyridine - phenolphthalein - phenothiazines foods - beets - carrots - blackberries Red-orange

Decrease Increase Normal ranges CBC item SI Conventional leukopenia   viral Infection, Aplastic anemia, Bone marrow depression caused by the use of chemotherapy or anticonvulsants. Leukocytosis Infection, Leukemia, Trauma, Thyroid storm, Corticosteroid use. Emotion, Stress, Seizures. When WBC count is greater than 50,000 cells/mm3, false elevations in Hgb and MCH can occur. 3.2-11.3 × 109 cells/L 3,200-11,300 cells/mm3 White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) Count WBCs The total number of WBCs in a given volume of blood. Mature white blood cells exist in many forms, including - neutrophils - lymphocytes - monocytes -eosinophils            - basophils

Decrease Increase Normal ranges CBC item SI Conventional anemia of all types, particularly iron deficiency anemia blood loss, hemolysis, pregnancy, Fluid replacement increased fluid intake. polycythemia vera chronic obstructive lung disease chronic smokers regular vigorous exercise Live at high altitudes. 8.7-11.2 mmol/L 7.4-9.9 mmol/L Male: 14-18g/dl Female: 12-16g/dl Hemoglobin (Hgb) carrying compound found in the RBCs

It is important for pharmacist to learn how to read laboratory report and interpret its data that will help him in: 1. Recognize normal ranges for common laboratory values in adults. 2. Identify common causes for abnormal laboratory values.

 A review of past research finds that fever-reducing drugs have no effect on the speed of children's recovery from an infection, contrary to the fears of some doctors and parents. Researchers have debated for decades whether lowering a sick child's fever helps the recovery process or interferes with the body's ability to fight the infection. Some previous research has shown that giving children fever-reducing "antipyretic" medications, such as acetaminophen, after vaccinations interfered with their immune responses to the vaccines, for example.

Introduction Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) occurs in the luteal phase of the cycle after multifollicular stimulation and hCG administration.   It is characterised by multiple corpus luteum cysts and transudation of plasma from blood across serosa, particularly the peritoneum.   OHSS most frequently occurs following ovulation induction therapy and superovulation for assisted conception treatments, but occasionally in naturally occurring multiple pregnancy, hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma.   It is the commonest serious side effect of ovarian stimulation using gonadotrophins but is very uncommon with clomiphene.

A vasopressor causes vasoconstriction and an inotrope increases the force of cardiac contraction. The role of inotropes and vasopressors is very important in the resuscitation of a patient, prescribing these can best be done by an experienced physician. Every doctor has his or own method of starting the patient on these drugs. Most of the hospitals have there own protocol. In this article we will discuss the role of the three most commonly given inotropes and vasopressors.

Description Combination medicines containing narcotic analgesics and acetaminophen are used to relieve pain. A narcotic analgesic and acetaminophen used together may provide better pain relief than either medicine used alone. In some cases, relief of pain may come at lower doses of each medicine.

WHAT CAN GO WRONG?   There are many things that can go wrong with your tutor; some of them may be of your making and others may be outside your control but frustrating nevertheless.