How to interpret laboratory data:Urine analysis

Abnormal		Normal	Appearance and color
The presence of  -WBCs - RBCs - bacteria		- Phosphates - Urate	Cloudiness	Appearance and Color The normal urine color should range from clear to dark yellow.
- myoglobin (from muscle breakdown from seizures, cocaine, or injuries)  hemoglobin, -		medications - rifampin -phenazopyridine - phenolphthalein - phenothiazines foods - beets - carrots - blackberries	Red-orange
pseudomonal infection		- amitriptyline - methylene blue	Blue-green
- myoglobin or porphyrins from porphyria or sickle cell crisis - Phenol poisoning		Rhubarb ingestion	Brown-black
High Specific Gravity		Low Specific Gravity	Normal Range
Hypersthenuria - dehydration, - excretion of radiologic contrast media, - congestive heart failure - toxemia of pregnancy, - syndrome of inappropriate    antidiuretic hormone - increased excretion of glucose or protein greater than 2 g/day		Hyposthenuria - chronic renal failure - diabetes insipidus	1.005 - 1.025	Specific Gravity Specific gravity is an indication of the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine
Acidic		Alkaline	Normal Range
- Metabolic acidosis - Pyrexia - Diabetic ketosis.		- (UTIs caused by urea-splitting organisms Proteus, Pseudomonas), - Renal tubular acidosis, - acetazolamide - thiazide diuretics.	4.5 - 8	pH Normal urine specimens are acidic.
Causes ketones		Causes glucosuria	Normal Range
-Diabetic -Ketoacidosis -Starvation -High-protein/low-Carbohydrate diets -Alcoholism		Diabetes mellitus Cushing disease Pancreatitis medications Thiazide diuretics Steroids Oral contraceptives	negative	Glucose and Ketones Glucose begins to spill into urine when serum blood glucose is greater than 180 mg/dl
False-negative	False-positive	cause	Normal Range
results may occur in patients taking high doses of vitamin C or ascorbic acid	results for blood in the urine may occur when povidone iodine is used as a cleansing agent before urine specimen collection	infection, nephrolithiasis, malignancies, and benign prostatic hypertrophy	negative to trace.	Blood Blood in the urine (hematuria) may indicate urinary tract damage.7
causes			Normal ranges
Bilirubin in the urine may be associated with - liver disease (eg, hepatitis), - Septicemia - obstructive biliary tract disease Phenazopyridine Phenothiazines may cause a false-positive result for bilirubin in the urine			zero to trace	Bilirubin Bilirubin in the urine usually produces a dark yellow or brown color.2 It appears in the urine before other signs of liver dysfunction appear
Infections and/or inflammation of the urinary tract			zero to trace	Leukocyte Esterase Positive leukocyte esterase provides an indication of WBCs in the urine
Presence of nitrites in the urine suggests colonization or infection with gram negative organisms.			negative	Nitrites Gram-negative bacteria are capable of converting dietary nitrates into nitrites
- diabetic nephropathy - interstitial nephritis - hypertension - fever - exercise - pyelonephritis - multiple myeloma - lupus - severe CHF			0 (< 30 mg/dL) to +1  (30-100 mg/dL). Repeated positive tests or proteinuria of greater than 150 mg/dL may be a marker of renal disease	Protein Trace protein in the urine is a common clinical finding and often has no clinical significance