Online Pharmacy Training

decrease Increase Normal range SI conventional Hyponatremia 1-( dilutional hyponatremia ) excess accumulation of body water due to: CHF, cirrhosis, severe burns, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome. 2-Sodium depletion Due to: SIADH, cystic fibrosis, mineralocorticoid deficiency, Na free fluid replacement SIADH= (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) SIADH may be associated with disease states such as cancer or  the use of medications including chlorpropamide, thiazide diuretics, and carbamazepine .   Hypernatremia 1-Increased sodium intake. 2-Increased fluid loss. hypernatremia usually occurs in individuals who are unable to obtain adequate fluid intake. Fluid loss from - gastroenteritis - diabetes insipidus, - Cushing disease, - hyperaldosteronism - administration of hypertonic saline sol...

Abnormal Normal Appearance and color The presence of   -WBCs - RBCs - bacteria - Phosphates - Urate Cloudiness Appearance and Color The normal urine color should range from clear to dark yellow. - myoglobin (from muscle breakdown from seizures, cocaine, or injuries)   hemoglobin, - medications - rifampin -phenazopyridine - phenolphthalein - phenothiazines foods - beets - carrots - blackberries Red-orange

Decrease Increase Normal ranges CBC item SI Conventional leukopenia   viral Infection, Aplastic anemia, Bone marrow depression caused by the use of chemotherapy or anticonvulsants. Leukocytosis Infection, Leukemia, Trauma, Thyroid storm, Corticosteroid use. Emotion, Stress, Seizures. When WBC count is greater than 50,000 cells/mm3, false elevations in Hgb and MCH can occur. 3.2-11.3 × 109 cells/L 3,200-11,300 cells/mm3 White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) Count WBCs The total number of WBCs in a given volume of blood. Mature white blood cells exist in many forms, including - neutrophils - lymphocytes - monocytes -eosinophils            - basophils

Decrease Increase Normal ranges CBC item SI Conventional anemia of all types, particularly iron deficiency anemia blood loss, hemolysis, pregnancy, Fluid replacement increased fluid intake. polycythemia vera chronic obstructive lung disease chronic smokers regular vigorous exercise Live at high altitudes. 8.7-11.2 mmol/L 7.4-9.9 mmol/L Male: 14-18g/dl Female: 12-16g/dl Hemoglobin (Hgb) carrying compound found in the RBCs

It is important for pharmacist to learn how to read laboratory report and interpret its data that will help him in: 1. Recognize normal ranges for common laboratory values in adults. 2. Identify common causes for abnormal laboratory values.

1. Insulin inhibits the release of _______. A. Glucagon  B. ADH  C. Beta cells  D. Somatostatin 2. Which of the following is caused by insulin release? A. Increased breakdown of fats  B. Increase breakdown of proteins  C. Decreased blood sugar  D. Causes glucose to be phosphorylated in kidney 3. Glucagon causes increased blood sugar and causes slow breakdown of glycogen in the liver. A. TRUE  B. FALSE 4. As blood glucose decreases glucagon is inhibited. A. TRUE  B. FALSE 5. Glucagon increases blood levels of glucose by causing liver to breakdown glycogen. A. TRUE  B. FALSE 6. Which of the following is not true about Type I DM? A. May be linked to autoimmunity  B. Onset usually prior to age 20  C. Beta islet cells destroyed  D. Does not require insulin injections 7. Which of the following is not true about Type II DM? A. Considered adult onset diabetes  B. Cause unknown may be due to genetics  C. Require insulin 80% of cases  D. May take a drug that sensitize cells or increase insulin r...

1. Which of the following is the mRNA start codon in most cases? A. UAA  B. AGU  C. AUG  D. UGA 2. Which of the types of RNA is the smallest? A. mRNA  B. tRNA  C. rRNA 3. Which of the following is not considered a pyrimidine? A. C  B. T  C. U  D. G 4. Which of the following is paired correctly? A. A-G  B. C-G  C. A-U  D. G-T 5. Which of the following characterizes a Western blot? A. Antibody/protein hybridization  B. DNA/RNA combination  C. RNA transcription  D. Polymerase chain reaction 6. Which of the following is the approximate prevalence ratio for cystic fibrosis? A. 1: 25,000  B. 1: 5,000  C. 1: 2,000  D. 1: 800 7. Which of the following divisions of cell growth precedes Mitosis in the cell cycle? A. G  B. G  C. S  D. G 0 8. Down syndrome is directly linked to a genetic abnormality of chromosome? A. XXII  B. XXI  C. XIIX  D. XV 9. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Hardy-Weinberg law? A. Mating between species occurs at a set rate.  B. Migration is a considerable f...